30 Noncurrent and current other provisions

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€ million

 

Obliga­tions arising from sales

 

Employee expenses

 

Litiga­tion and legal risks

 

Miscella­neous provisions

 

Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at Jan. 1, 2016

 

31,326

 

4,148

 

8,409

 

7,075

 

50,958

Foreign exchange differences

 

174

 

35

 

93

 

100

 

402

Changes in consolidated Group

 

23

 

1

 

3

 

124

 

151

Utilized

 

9,265

 

1,344

 

1,583

 

2,103

 

14,295

Additions/New provisions

 

12,180

 

1,736

 

5,605

 

3,419

 

22,939

Unwinding of discount/effect of change in discount rate

 

123

 

196

 

−84

 

3

 

238

Reversals

 

1,533

 

227

 

726

 

713

 

3,199

Balance at Dec. 31, 2016

 

33,027

 

4,546

 

11,717

 

7,904

 

57,193

of which current

 

19,521

 

1,900

 

8,624

 

5,666

 

35,711

of which noncurrent

 

13,506

 

2,646

 

3,092

 

2,238

 

21,482

Balance at Jan. 1, 2017

 

33,027

 

4,546

 

11,717

 

7,904

 

57,193

Foreign exchange differences

 

−689

 

−61

 

−119

 

−169

 

−1,038

Changes in consolidated Group

 

13

 

3

 

−13

 

−27

 

−24

Utilized

 

17,546

 

1,450

 

7,444

 

2,334

 

28,774

Additions/New provisions

 

14,990

 

2,030

 

2,190

 

3,217

 

22,426

Unwinding of discount/effect of change in discount rate

 

−50

 

11

 

−25

 

6

 

−57

Reversals

 

1,881

 

193

 

504

 

962

 

3,540

Balance at Dec. 31, 2017

 

27,865

 

4,886

 

5,802

 

7,634

 

46,186

of which current

 

14,821

 

2,069

 

2,999

 

5,458

 

25,347

of which noncurrent

 

13,044

 

2,817

 

2,802

 

2,176

 

20,839

The obligations arising from sales contain provisions covering all risks relating to the sale of vehicles, components and genuine parts through to the disposal of end-of-life vehicles. They primarily comprise warranty obligations, calculated on the basis of losses to date and estimated future losses. They also include provisions for discounts, bonuses and similar allowances which are incurred after the balance sheet date, but for which there is a legal or constructive obligation attributable to sales revenue before the balance sheet date.

Provisions for employee expenses are recognized for long-service awards, time credits, partial retirement arrangements, severance payments and similar obligations, among other things.

The decline in provisions for obligations arising from sales and for litigation and legal risks result primarily from the utilization of the provisions recognized in connection with the diesel issue. In addition to residual provisions relating to the diesel issue, the provisions for litigation and legal risks contain amounts related to a large number of legal disputes and official proceedings in which Volkswagen Group companies become involved in Germany and internationally in the course of their operating activities. In particular, such legal disputes and other proceedings may occur in relation to suppliers, dealers, customers, employees, or investors. Please refer to the “Litigation” section for a discussion of the legal risks.

Miscellaneous provisions relate to a wide range of identifiable specific risks, price risks and uncertain obligations, which are measured in the amount of the expected settlement value.

Miscellaneous provisions additionally include provisions amounting to €534 million (previous year: €490 million) relating to the insurance business.